Journal of the Oriental Institute, ISSN:0030-5324 UGC CARE Group 1

AI-DRIVEN INNOVATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT FOR LIBRARY SERVICES: A SCIENTOMETRICS OVERVIEW

1. Mahesh M S , 2. Malini T S — 2025-04-18

The study focused on analysing contributions to Artificial Intelligence (AI) research from 2014 to 2023. Data from the Scopus database was utilized to extract information on AI-related publications. The objectives included analysing the growth of AI research, identifying authorship patterns, and understanding the level of research conducted by global authors. The study revealed a significant increase in AI publications over the years, with 2023 expected to account for 38.61% of the total publications. Conference papers comprised the highest percentage of publications, while the United States, China, and India emerged as leading contributors to AI research. The data also provided insights into the distribution of publications and citations across different document types and countries. The findings shed light on the scientific development and collaborative efforts within the global scientific community in the field of AI.

Assessing the Role of Financial Literacy in Enhancing Personal Financial Decision-Making among Students

Dr. Santanu Kumar Das — 2025-04-21

Financial literacy is increasingly recognized on a global scale. The prosperity of an economically thriving society is significantly reliant on financial literacy, as it fosters informed decision-making and promotes economic empowerment. In the context of India's swiftly changing financial markets, it is essential to evaluate the level of financial awareness among its student mass. As students cultivate long-term financial habits, the significance of financial literacy has become increasingly acknowledged as a crucial competency for effective personal financial management. This research aims to evaluate the influence of financial literacy on enhancing students' personal financial decision-making. A fundamental grasp of financial principles, including budgeting, saving, investing, and debt management, facilitates efficient money management. Students who possess financial literacy are more likely to make informed choices regarding the allocation of their resources, enabling them to achieve both short-term and long-term objectives. The study highlights the necessity of integrating comprehensive financial literacy programs into university curricula to equip students with essential skills for responsible financial management. Personal financial management is vital for students, as it establishes a foundation for their financial health during their academic pursuits and in the future. The demand for financial literacy education among students is further emphasized by its broader economic advantages, such as enhanced savings rates, reduced debt levels, and improved economic stability. This research also investigates barriers to acquiring financial literacy, including socio-economic challenges, a lack of practical financial experience, and restricted access to financial education resources. Data for this analysis was gathered through a questionnaire administered to 100 respondents using a convenience sampling method to assess how financial literacy contributes to better financial decision-making among students.

Leveraging Botanical Gardens for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Wild Food Plant Resources

1. Anjali Singh, 2. Dr Sweety Singh — 2025-05-04

Wild food plants (WFPs) are consumed by the indigenous communities in various parts of the
world for food, nutrition, and medicinal purposes. They are usually collected from the wild and
sometimes grown in the vicinity of the forests and the dwellings of the indigenous people in a
way such that they are not far from their natural habitats. WFPs are important for the food and
nutritional requirements of the indigenous communities. The WFPs are seasonal and collected
from the wild whenever they are available. Therefore, the food menu of the tribal communities
changes with the seasons. A number of studies have demonstrated various WFPs consumed by
indigenous communities including India. The results show that an enormous diversity of WFPs
is consumed by the indigenous people of India. However, a few studies also suggest that the
consumption of WFPs among the indigenous communities is declining along with the
dwindling of traditional ethno botanical knowledge linked to the collection, processing,
cooking, storage, and limited cultivation of WFPs. India can leverage the network of its botanic
gardens for the conservation of its wild food plant resources, the traditional and indigenous
knowledge linked to it, and its popularization among the citizens within the framework of
Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). This article provided an overview of the need
to focus on WFPs, limitations of current studies, and role of botanic gardens in the conservation
of wild food plants through the implementation of GSPC. This article further provided a
framework for the role of botanic gardens in the popularization of WFPs, increasing the
awareness about their importance, documentation, and preservation of the traditional
knowledge linked to various aspects of WFPs within the GPSC framework.

A STATE OF THE ART COMPOUND MODEL FOR CONSUMER TYPICAL LOAD PROFILE FORECASTING

1. PRADEEPTI LAKRA, 2. SUDEEP KUMAR MOHANEY, 3. ABHISHEK VERMA — 2025-05-04

The rollout of advanced residential meters and sensors has been progressive over the years. This initiative is turning into better planning, forecasting, regulation and optimization of power systems. With the advent of Smart meters, consumer data analytics is becoming a prominent research area in which supervised clustering is one of the most common. Furthermore, predicting the typical load profile (TLP) of consumers is important for short, medium and long term load forecasting. With the increasing complexity, varying load and renewable energy interventions, forecasting demands for deep computational algorithms. This paper presents a State of the Art Compound model (SACM) to forecast TLP of electricity consumers. The model combines the fringe benefits of smart meters installed at the consumer’s premises and modern machine learning tools such as K-means Clustering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The effectiveness of the model is substantiated through data collected from smart meters in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.

The Intertwined Fates: Exploring the Triadic Relationship Between Internet Addiction, Psychological Capital, and Mental Health in Adolescents

Lalita — 2025-05-09

The review investigates how internet addiction (IA) as well as psychological capital (PsyCap) and mental health (MH) relate to each other within the adolescent demographic. Modern society sees a rising trend in internet use among young people thus research on IA's relationship with MH requires understanding its mediation and moderation factors. This paper integrates research findings to document PsyCap components that include self-efficacy and optimism and hope and resilience in their associative and interactive roles with IA to affect adolescent MH. Research examines empirical data which demonstrates both straight and modified pathways between Internet Addiction and PsyCap toward Mental Health status while offering therapy approaches to handle the negative results of Internet Addiction while boosting optimistic psychological outcomes. The analysis demonstrates how research needs to focus on necessary future investigations by establishing research directions and detecting knowledge gaps for effective triangular variable integration.

A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH INSURANCE IN MINIMISING HEALTHCARE COSTS FOR RURAL FAMILIES IN TIRUVANNAMALAI

1. Mr. S. SRINIVASAN , 2. Dr.A.M.AYYOTHI — 2025-05-16

This study examines the effectiveness of health insurance in minimizing healthcare costs for rural families in Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu. Despite the implementation of various government-sponsored schemes such as Ayushman Bharat and CMCHIS, rural households continue to face high out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures. The study aims to evaluate awareness levels, challenges in availing benefits, and the overall impact of health insurance on reducing financial burden during medical emergencies. Using a descriptive and analytical research design, data were collected from 150 respondents across selected rural blocks through structured questionnaires and interviews. Statistical tools including simple percentage analysis and t-tests were employed for data analysis. Findings reveal that while access to empanelled hospitals and trust in insurance providers is high, significant issues persist in claim settlement processes. The study highlights the need for improved awareness, streamlined claim procedures, and policy interventions to enhance the effectiveness of health insurance schemes in safeguarding rural families from financial distress.

सर्व शिक्षा अभियानाचा जिल्हा परिषद शाळेवर झालेला प्रभाव: चंद्रपूर जिल्ह्याच्या विशेष संदर्भात

किशोर गुरुदास हुमने, प्रा. डॉ. प्रकाश बि. तितरे, — 2025-05-17

2001 मध्ये सुरू करण्यात आलेला सर्व शिक्षा अभियान हा भारतातील सार्वत्रिक प्राथमिक शिक्षण साध्य करण्यासाठीचा एक प्रमुख कार्यक्रम आहे. प्रस्तुत संशोधनकार्यात महाराष्ट्राच्या चंद्रपूर जिल्ह्यातील जिल्हा परिषद शाळांवर सर्व शिक्षा अभियानच्या परिणामाचे परीक्षण करण्यात आले आहे. ज्यामध्ये शाळेतील पायाभूत सुविधांचा विकास, नोंदणी दर, शिक्षक-विद्यार्थी गुणोत्तर, शिक्षणावरील परिणाम यावर लक्ष केंद्रित केले आहे. सर्वेक्षण व मुलाखतीच्या माध्यमातुन माहिती मिळविण्यात आली आहे. संशोधनकार्यात वर्णनात्मक संशोधन आराखडा निवडुन संशोधकानी संभाव्यता पद्धतीतील साधा यादृच्छिक नमुना निवडण्यात आला आहे व प्राथमिक माहिती संकलित करण्याकरिता प्रमाणीकृत प्रश्नावलीचा उपयोग करण्यात आला. प्राप्त झालेल्या माहितीचे सांख्यकिय विश्लेशण SPSS 18.0 या सॉफ्टवेअरद्वारे करण्यात आले. संशोधनात प्राप्त परिणामांवरून असे निदर्शनास येते की सर्व शिक्षा अभियानामुळे जिल्हा परिषद प्राथमिक शाळेतील विद्यार्थ्यांच्या उपस्थितीत थोडीशी सुधारणा झाली आहे, त्याचप्रमाणे बहुतांश विद्यार्थ्यांच्या शैक्षणिक गुणवत्तेत सुधारणा झाली आहे. प्राप्त परिणामांवरून असे निदर्शनास येते की मिशनच्या निधीमुळे चंद्रपूर जिल्ह्यातील जिल्हा परिषद प्राथमिक शाळेतील पायाभूत सुविधा आणि शैक्षणिक वातावरण सुधारले आहे.

चंद्रपूर जिल्हयातील आदिवासींमध्ये सरकारी योजनेविषयी असलेल्या जागरूकतेचा अभ्यास

श्री. नितिन रमेश लांजेवार, प्रा. डॉ. एन. जी. उमाटे — 2025-05-17

सरकारी कल्याणकारी योजना उपेक्षित समुदायांच्या, विशेषतः आदिवासी लोकसंख्येच्या उन्नतीमध्ये महत्त्वाची भूमिका बजावतात. प्रस्तुत संशोधनकार्यात महाराष्ट्राच्या चंद्रपूर जिल्ह्यातील आदिवासी समुदायांमध्ये शिक्षण, आरोग्यसेवा, उपजीविका आणि सामाजिक सुरक्षेशी संबंधित प्रमुख सरकारी कल्याणकारी योजनांबद्दल जागरूकतेच्या पातळीचे परीक्षण करण्यात आले आहे. संरचित सर्वेक्षणाच्या आधारे आदिवासी नागरिकांच्या मुलाखतींसह मिश्र पद्धतीचा वापर करून विविध विकास योजनेशी संबंधित जागरूकतेची माहिती प्राप्त करण्यात आली. संशोधनकार्यात आवश्यक माहिती मिळण्यासाठी सर्वेक्षण व विश्लेषण पद्धतीचा उपयोग करून चंद्रपूर जिल्हयातील आदिवासी नागरिकांमधिल सरकारी योजनेविषयी असलेली जागरूकता यासंबंधित स्थिती जाणुन घेण्यात आली. माहिती संकलित करण्याकरिता प्रमाणीकृत मुलाखत अनुसुचीचा उपयोग करण्यात आला. माहितीच्या विश्लेषणाकरीता काई वर्ग मूल्य चाचणीचा वापर करण्यात आला व संभाव्यता पातळी 0.05 निर्धारीत करण्यात आली. प्राप्त परिणामांच्या सांख्यिकीय विश्लेषणाच्या आधारे असे निदर्शनास येते की, अध्ययन क्षेत्रातील बहुतांश नागरिकांना त्यांच्या क्षेत्रात

विदर्भातील शेतकऱ्यांसाठी वित्तीय संस्थांद्वारे राबविण्यात येणाऱ्या उपक्रमांचे चिकित्सक अध्ययन

विशाल नारायणराव बावनकर, प्रा. डॉ. गजानन बी. पाटील — 2025-05-17

आपल्या देशात पिकांचे यश आणि अपयश मुख्यतः हवामानाशी संबंधित घटकांवर अवलंबून असते. अनुकूल हवामान परिस्थितीमुळे पिके चांगली होतात तर प्रतिकूल परिस्थितीमुळे उत्पादन कमी होते. कृषी उत्पादनांच्या बाजारपेठा सामान्यतः असंघटित आणि अनियंत्रित असतात आणि बऱ्याच वेळेस शेतकऱ्यांना त्यांचे उत्पादन कमी किमतीत विकावे लागते. शिवाय, बहुतेक शेतकरी लहान शेतकरी असतात आणि ते घरगुती आणि लागवडीचा खर्च भागवण्यासाठी वेगवेगळ्या स्रोतांकडून पैसे उसने घेतात ज्याची परतफेड कठिण होउन जाते. ग्रामीण भागातील सर्व विकास आणि समृद्धी साध्य करण्याच्या उद्देशाने नाबार्ड विविध विकासात्मक उपक्रम, धोरणे आणि प्रकल्पांसाठी विविध गुंतवणूक आणि उत्पादन कर्ज प्रदान करते. नाबार्ड हे देखील सुनिश्चित करण्याचा प्रयत्न करते की सर्व कृषी आणि ग्रामीण प्रकल्पांना योग्य आर्थिक मदत दिली जावी. म्हणूनच ग्रामीण भागात पैसा आणि संसाधनांशी संबंधित मुख्य मुद्दे उद्भवतात जेणेकरून आर्थिक आणि इतर मदत उपलब्ध होईल.

ASSESSMENT OF THE MEASURES INITIATED BY THE GOVERNMENT FOR THE PROMOTION OF TOURISM IN THE RAMAYANA CIRCUIT OF UTTAR PRADESH

1. Satyendr Kumar Chaudhari , 2. S. K. Kabia — 2025-05-23

This study critically examines the initiatives instigated by the Government of Uttar Pradesh to enhance tourism along the Ramayana Circuit. This circuit encompasses significant religious, historical, cultural, and natural sites associated with the epic Ramayana, which have emerged as major tourist attractions. The study investigates government policies, infrastructure improvements, marketing strategies, and their impact on regional economic development and social advancement. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the paper analyses both statistical and descriptive data to evaluate the effectiveness of these initiatives.

ECOTOURISM: A SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO MASS TOURISM

Dr. Jenni K. Alex — 2025-05-23

The global tourism industry has witnessed significant growth, contributing substantially to economic development and employment. However, the rise of mass tourism has led to environmental degradation and socio-cultural disruptions. In response, ecotourism has emerged as a sustainable alternative, emphasizing environmental conservation, community involvement, and cultural preservation. This article explores the evolution, principles, and current trends in ecotourism, highlighting its role in promoting sustainable development.

EMPATHY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING: A REVIEW

Manav Mohan Singh — 2025-05-23

Empathy and psychological well-being (PWB) are often talked about as two sides of the same coin in positive psychology--and for good reason. They both play vital roles in how people connect with others, manage stress, and maintain emotional balance. This review looks at ten studies exploring how empathy relates to well-being across different groups, including teenagers, married couples, healthcare workers, designers, peer support staff, and postgraduate students. While most research shows that empathy and well-being go hand in hand, the strength of this relationship varies depending on age, gender, and professional context. Some studies dive deep into the emotional side of empathy, others highlight its social power, but all face common challenges: small samples, cross-sectional designs, and heavy reliance on self-report tools. Still, the takeaway is clear--empathy matters. It's a meaningful, though sometimes complex, contributor to our mental health. Understanding how to nurture it could open new doors in education, therapy, and workplace wellness.

BEGGING FOR CHANGE: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL WORK IN ADDRESSING THE EXPLOITATION OF CHILD BEGGARS IN INDIAN CITIES

Dr. Bharati Pramod Gaikwad — 2025-05-26

Child begging is a visible and distressing social issue in many Indian cities, reflecting deeper systemic problems such as poverty, child trafficking, lack of education, and social neglect. This research paper explores the phenomenon of child begging through the lens of social work, aiming to understand the root causes, the structures that perpetuate exploitation, and the role of social work in intervention and rehabilitation. Relying exclusively on secondary data, the study analyzes reports, surveys, academic studies, and NGO publications to build a comprehensive overview of the issue. Findings indicate that a significant percentage of child beggars are under the control of organized networks or coerced by family members, with poverty being the most cited reason. Demographic analysis from government and NGO reports shows that children aged 11–15 years are most frequently involved in begging, making them highly vulnerable to physical and emotional abuse. Social work agencies have made measurable progress in addressing this issue, especially through education-based interventions, rehabilitation centers, and street outreach programs. However, these efforts face challenges due to inadequate funding, legal loopholes, and public apathy. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology and presents data across three thematic tables: demographics of child beggars, primary causes of begging, and the impact of various social work interventions. The discussion highlights the critical need for multi-level interventions, including stricter enforcement of child protection laws, awareness campaigns, and increased collaboration between government bodies and NGOs. In conclusion, the paper argues that social work has a vital role in mitigating the problem of child begging, not just through direct intervention, but also by advocating for policy reform and systemic change. The fight against child begging must be holistic, addressing both individual cases and the broader socio-economic factors that sustain the cycle of exploitation.

UNEMPLOYMENT AND YOUTH DISILLUSIONMENT: A SOCIAL WORK ANALYSIS OF JOBLESSNESS AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACT

Dr. Bharati Pramod Gaikwad — 2025-05-26

Unemployment among youth is one of the most pressing socio-economic challenges confronting India today. With a rapidly growing population and limited employment opportunities, a significant segment of the country's educated youth finds itself without meaningful work. This condition not only leads to economic hardship but also contributes to a growing sense of disillusionment, frustration, and social alienation among the young population. This paper explores the multidimensional impact of youth unemployment through a social work lens, emphasizing its psychological, social, and economic consequences.

A series of misfortunes of women in Sudha Murty's novel ‘Mahashweta’

Dr. Hemlata — 2025-05-26

India's Sudha Murthy is a well-known name. She has authored numerous works about the human relationships between mothers and children. Women's issues with their husbands and in-laws are the primary subject of the book. She has received numerous distinguished honours. The themes of her books, Dollar Bahu, Mahashweta, and Gently Falls the Bakula, centre on the psychological struggles that married women face. Even though they are completely committed and involved, they endure a lot of terrible circumstances throughout their lives and are eventually compelled to leave their husband's home. Since no one can relate to their mental state or the awful life they lead because of her illness, they bravely resolve to leave their home in order to live independently and refrain from getting married again. The marriage proposal she got is never accepted. Sudha Murthy's "Mahashweta" is the best illustration of how to dispel common misconceptions about women and emphasize their contributions to society. The protagonist longs for identity in the oppressive patriarchal society, takes a new step, and begins the journey to freedom. In the end, this process leads to varied degrees of independence.

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TRENDS AND EVOLUTION IN FASHION RETAIL: A STUDY IN VELLORE DISTRICT

1. M. JANANI , 2. Dr. S. HARIHARAN — 2025-05-28

The fashion retail industry is undergoing rapid transformation, driven by evolving consumer preferences, digital influence, and changing lifestyles. This study explores the trends and evolution of consumer behaviour in the fashion retail sector in Vellore District, a region experiencing both traditional and modern retail growth. It focuses on key behavioural factors such as brand preference, shopping mode (online vs. offline), influence of advertisements, peer groups, pricing, and quality considerations. Using a structured questionnaire and statistical tools, the research highlights significant shifts in fashion buying patterns over recent years. Findings reveal that consumers are increasingly trend-conscious, brand-aware, and influenced by social media and promotional offers. The study offers valuable insights for retailers and marketers to tailor strategies in line with local consumer behaviour. It also emphasizes the growing importance of experience, digital presence, and personalized engagement in modern fashion retail.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-EFFICACY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

1. Dr. P. Uma Rani , 2. Mrs. Anithalakshmi — 2025-06-08

Self-efficacy, as defined by Bandura (1977), refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations. It is a crucial psychological trait influencing motivation, performance, and coping mechanisms. Psychological well-being, on the other hand, refers to an individual's overall mental health, including emotional, social, and psychological dimensions, often assessed through Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff, 1989). Research has shown that self-efficacy can positively influence various outcomes such as academic performance and mental health, but its specific relationship with psychological well-being among college students remains an underexplored area.

This study seeks to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and psychological well-being among college students using a sample of 400 participants. By employing correlation, regression analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modelling (SEM), this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these two constructs are interrelated in the context of higher education.

MENTAL HEALTH PREVALENCE AND PREDICTORS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

1. Mrs. Anithalakshmi , 2. Dr.P.Uma Rani — 2025-06-11

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of mental health issues among college students, explore the relationship between mental health and various demographic and psychological factors, and identify predictors of mental health among college students. A sample of 250 college students completed a survey assessing mental health symptoms, demographic characteristics, and psychological factors. Descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation were used to analyse the data. The results showed that a significant proportion of college students experience mental health issues, with anxiety and depression being the most common. Significant correlations were found between mental health symptoms and demographic and psychological factors, such as age, gender, academic performance, and social support. Regression analysis revealed that academic performance, social support, and stress were significant predictors of mental health among college students. The findings of this study highlight the importance of addressing mental health issues among college students and suggest that interventions targeting academic performance, social support, and stress management may be effective in promoting mental health among this population.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON SERVICE DELIVERY EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE TELECOMMUNICATION PROVIDERS IN VELLORE DISTRICT

1. Ms. R. CHITHRA , 2. Dr. K. GOMATHY — 2025-06-13

This empirical study investigates the service delivery efficiency and performance evaluation of public and private telecommunication providers in Vellore District. As telecom services become essential to digital life, user expectations around speed, reliability, and responsiveness continue to grow. The study collected primary data from 150 respondents across urban and rural areas to assess perceptions of network coverage, data speed, customer support, pricing, and digital tools. Results show that while private providers excel in network reliability, data speed, and digital platforms, public providers maintain an advantage in affordability and rural access. Statistically significant findings highlight the role of mobile apps and customer care in enhancing service efficiency. However, lower overall satisfaction scores indicate a performance gap between specific service attributes and the holistic user experience. The study emphasizes the need for modernized infrastructure, better real-time communication, and user-centric strategies to ensure equitable, efficient, and integrated telecom service delivery in the region.

Tapa and Dhyāna: From Vedas to Buddha to ‘Back to the Vedas’

Santoshi Kumari — 2025-06-13

One of the greatest challenges faced by the mankind of twenty-first century is struggle with oneself. The technology driven world has brought all the possible comforts at the doorsteps. The revolution in social media has connected every user with thousand likes of men from the virtual world but has distanced him from the real one. The lesson has been well learned to post a happy picture of oneself on virtual social platforms, which in most of the cases is just the opposite of reality. The fast pacing world has burdened the shoulders with high expectations and man has succumbed to them. This has created anxiety that is directly proportional to the mental health and inversely proportional to the physical health. The mental health is as important as the physical fitness. If the physical well being is important to put work in action; a sound mind is required for healthy functioning of cognitive and psychological health - the foundation of the ‘social’ for the homo sapien sapien. Imbalance in mental health can lead to depression, anxiety, diseases related to personality disorders such as bipolar personalities, autism, alzheimer, schizophrenia, delusions, paranoia only to name a few along with several addictive behaviors. Aggravated mental illness can bring in unexplained physical pain and suicidal thoughts. The gravitas of mental illness in one of the most developed nations of the world, The United States of America, can be gauged from the data released by the American Psychiatric Association, where one in five (19%) of adults experience mental illness, one in twenty four (4.1%) have serious mental illness and one in 12 (8.5%) have diagnosable stage of mental illness.[i] The table below summarises data released by the World Health Organisation on severe mental illness worldwide, through which one can assess the urgency for treatments.

Algorithm for Minimization Case in Interval Assignment Problem

ISHA GUPTA AND Dr.Vinod Kumar Sharma — 2025-06-15

Let A1, A2, A3 ... An, indicates the resources and 1^st , 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th... specifies the activities. To solve the ILAPs, the succeeding steps are executed.

Step 1 : From the provided cost matrix, determine the mid-values of each interval and consider rows as workers and columns as jobs

Step 2 : Under C1 write the resource say A1, A2, A3….An. Next, determine the minimal Unit cost for every row. Whatever minimum value is existent in the respective column, pick it and write it in respect of activities under C2. Continue this process for all An rows and write the term of 1^st , 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th...

Step 3 : If there exists a unique activity, assign this activity for the equivalent resource to attain an optimum solution. If there is no specific unique activity for the corresponding resource then the assignment could be made utilizing the subsequent steps.

Step 4 : If any resource comprises a unique activity, then assign this activity for the equivalent resource. After that, eliminate that row along with its equivalent column for which the resource has formerly been assigned.

Step 5 : Again ascertain the minimal unit cost for the resting rows. Check if it satisfies step 4 if not, verify which rows comprise only one same activity. After that, determine the difference betwixt minimum and next minimum unit cost for all such rows which comprises the same activity. Assign that activity which has a maximum difference. Eliminate such rows with its corresponding columns in which those resources were assigned