REVIEW ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER IN BHADOHI (U.P.) REGION WITH HEALTH RISK PERSPECTIVE

Abstract

Groundwater in Bhadohi district (also administratively referred to as Sant Ravidas Nagar) is a vital resource for drinking, domestic and irrigation uses. Over the last decade several studies have assessed its physico-chemical quality and hydro geochemistry; common findings include variable pH, elevated electrical conductivity/TDS in pockets, nitrate pollution linked to agricultural/anthropogenic inputs, and sporadic exceedances of trace metals (Fe, Pb, etc.) above drinking-water limits. This review synthesizes published studies, compares findings against Indian (IS 10500:2012) and WHO drinking-water guidelines, highlights hydrogeochemical controls (rock weathering, ion exchange, anthropogenic inputs) and identifies knowledge gaps and management recommendations for stakeholders. Key references and standards used in this review include peer-reviewed studies on Bhadohi groundwater, BIS IS 10500, WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality and standard laboratory methods (APHA).